Victor Hugo visited Izmir (formerly Smyrna) during his travels in the mid-19th century, and he wrote about the city in his book Les Misérables. He described Izmir with admiration, especially its beauty, its blend of different cultures, and the vibrant atmosphere of the port city. He said: "Smyrna is like an open book of history. There are everywhere traces of Asia, of Greece, and of the modern world, side by side."